# Escape sequences

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Escape sequences are used to represent certain special characters within string literals and character literals.

The following escape sequences are available:

Escape sequence | Description | Representation
--- | --- | ---
Simple escape sequences
`\'` | single quote | byte `0x27` in ASCII encoding
`\"` | double quote | byte `0x22` in ASCII encoding
`\?` | question mark | byte `0x3f` in ASCII encoding
`\\` | backslash | byte `0x5c` in ASCII encoding
`\a` | audible bell | byte `0x07` in ASCII encoding
`\b` | backspace | byte `0x08` in ASCII encoding
`\f` | form feed - new page | byte `0x0c` in ASCII encoding
`\n` | line feed - new line | byte `0x0a` in ASCII encoding
`\r` | carriage return | byte `0x0d` in ASCII encoding
`\t` | horizontal tab | byte `0x09` in ASCII encoding
`\v` | vertical tab | byte `0x0b` in ASCII encoding
Numeric escape sequences
`\nnn` | arbitrary octal value | code unit `nnn` (1~3 octal digits)
`\o{n...}` (since C++23) | code unit `n...` (arbitrary number of octal digits)
`\xn...` | arbitrary hexadecimal value | code unit `n...` (arbitrary number of hexadecimal digits)
`\x{n...}` (since C++23)
Conditional escape sequences[1]
`\c` | Implementation-defined | Implementation-defined
Universal character names
`\unnnn` | arbitrary Unicode value; may result in several code units | code point `U+nnnn` (4 hexadecimal digits)
`\u{n...}` (since C++23) | code point `U+n...` (arbitrary number of hexadecimal digits)
`\Unnnnnnnn` | code point `U+nnnnnnnn` (8 hexadecimal digits)
`\N{NAME}` (since C++23) | arbitrary Unicode character | character named by `NAME` (see below)

1. ↑ Conditional escape sequences are conditionally-supported. The character `c` in each conditional escape sequence is a member of basic source character set (until C++23)basic character set (since C++23) that is not the character following the `\` in any other escape sequence.

### Range of universal character names

If a universal character name corresponds to a code point that is not 0x24 (`$`), 0x40 (`@`), nor 0x60 (```) and less than 0xA0, the program is ill-formed. In other words, members of basic source character set and control characters (in ranges 0x0-0x1F and 0x7F-0x9F) cannot be expressed in universal character names. | (until C++11)
If a universal character name corresponding to a code point of a member of basic source character set or control characters appear outside a character or string literal, the program is ill-formed. If a universal character name corresponds surrogate code point (the range 0xD800-0xDFFF, inclusive), the program is ill-formed. If a universal character name used in a UTF-16/32 string literal does not correspond to a code point in ISO/IEC 10646 (the range 0x0-0x10FFFF, inclusive), the program is ill-formed. | (since C++11) (until C++20)
If a universal character name corresponding to a code point of a member of basic source character set or control characters appear outside a character or string literal, the program is ill-formed. If a universal character name does not correspond to a code point in ISO/IEC 10646 (the range 0x0-0x10FFFF, inclusive) or corresponds to a surrogate code point (the range 0xD800-0xDFFF, inclusive), the program is ill-formed. | (since C++20) (until C++23)
If a universal character name corresponding to a scalar value of a character in the basic character set or a control character appear outside a character or string literal, the program is ill-formed. If a universal character name does not correspond to a scalar value of a character in the translation character set, the program is ill-formed. | (since C++23)

#### Named universal character escapes
`\N{` n-char-sequence `}` |  |
n-char-sequence | - | one or more n-chars
n-char | - | a character from the translation character set, except the right curly bracket } or new-line character
A universal character name of the syntax above is a named universal character. It designates the corresponding character in the Unicode Standard (chapter 4.8 Name) if the n-char-sequence is equal to its character name or to one of its character name aliases of type “control”, “correction”, or “alternate”; otherwise, the program is ill-formed. These aliases are listed in the Unicode Character Database’s NameAliases.txt. None of these names or aliases have leading or trailing spaces. A valid n-char-sequence must contain only uppercase Latin letters A through Z, digits, space, and hyphen-minus. Other characters never occur in a Unicode character name, and thus their appearance in a n-char-sequence always renders the program ill-formed. | (since C++23)

### Notes

\0 is the most commonly used octal escape sequence, because it represents the terminating null character in null-terminated strings.

The new-line character \n has special meaning when used in text mode I/O: it is converted to the OS-specific newline representation, usually a byte or byte sequence. Some systems mark their lines with length fields instead.

Octal escape sequences have a limit of three octal digits, but terminate at the first character that is not a valid octal digit if encountered sooner.

Hexadecimal escape sequences have no length limit and terminate at the first character that is not a valid hexadecimal digit. If the value represented by a single hexadecimal escape sequence does not fit the range of values represented by the character type used in this string literal (char, char8_t, (since C++20)char16_t, char32_t, (since C++11)or wchar_t), the result is unspecified.

A universal character name in a narrow string literal or a 16-bit string literal may map to more than one code unit, e.g. \U0001f34c is 4 char code units in UTF-8 (\xF0\x9F\x8D\x8C) and 2 char16_t code units in UTF-16 (\xD83C\xDF4C). | (since C++11)

The question mark escape sequence \? is used to prevent trigraphs from being interpreted inside string literals: a string such as "??/" is compiled as "\", but if the second question mark is escaped, as in "?\?/", it becomes "??/". As trigraphs have been removed from C++, the question mark escape sequence is no longer necessary. It is preserved for compatibility with C++14 (and former revisions) and C. (since C++17)

Feature-test macro | Value | Std | Comment
--- | --- | --- | ---
`__cpp_named_character_escapes` | 202207L | (C++23) | Named universal character escapes

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>

    int main()
    {
        std::cout << "This\nis\na\ntest\n\n";
        std::cout << "She said, \"Sells she seashells on the seashore?\"\n";
    }

Output:

    This
    is
    a
    test

    She said, "Sells she seashells on the seashore?"

### Defect Reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior
--- | --- | --- | ---
CWG 505 | C++98 | the behavior was undefined if the character following a backslash was not one of those specified in the table | made conditionally supported (semantic is implementation-defined)

### See also

- ASCII chart

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