# std::ranges::sample

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< cpp‎ | algorithm‎ | ranges

Defined in header `<algorithm>` |  |
Call signature |  |
template< std::input_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, std::weakly_incrementable O, class Gen > requires (std::forward_iterator<I> || std::random_access_iterator<O>) && std::indirectly_copyable<I, O> && std::uniform_random_bit_generator<std::remove_reference_t<Gen>> O sample( I first, S last, O out, std::iter_difference_t<I> n, Gen&& gen ); | (1) | (since C++20)
template< ranges::input_range R, std::weakly_incrementable O, class Gen > requires (ranges::forward_range<R> || std::random_access_iterator<O>) && std::indirectly_copyable<ranges::iterator_t<R>, O> && std::uniform_random_bit_generator<std::remove_reference_t<Gen>> O sample( R&& r, O out, ranges::range_difference_t<R> n, Gen&& gen ); | (2) | (since C++20)

1) Selects M = min(n, last - first) elements from the sequence `[`first`,` last`)` (without replacement) such that each possible sample has equal probability of appearance, and writes those selected elements into the range beginning at out.
The algorithm is stable (preserves the relative order of the selected elements) only if `I` models std::forward_iterator.
The behavior is undefined if out is in `[`first`,` last`)`.
2) Same as (1), but uses r as the source range, as if using ranges::begin(r) as first, and ranges::end(r) as last.

The function-like entities described on this page are niebloids, that is:

- Explicit template argument lists cannot be specified when calling any of them.
- None of them are visible to argument-dependent lookup.
- When any of them are found by normal unqualified lookup as the name to the left of the function-call operator, argument-dependent lookup is inhibited.

In practice, they may be implemented as function objects, or with special compiler extensions.

### Parameters

first1, last1 | - | the range from which to make the sampling (the population)
r | - | the range from which to make the sampling (the population)
out | - | the output iterator where the samples are written
n | - | number of samples to take
gen | - | the random number generator used as the source of randomness

### Return value

An iterator equal to out + M, that is the end of the resulting sample range.

### Complexity

Linear: 𝓞(last - first).

### Notes

This function may implement selection sampling or reservoir sampling.

### Possible implementation

    struct sample_fn
    {
        template<std::input_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S,
                 std::weakly_incrementable O, class Gen>
        requires (std::forward_iterator<I> or
                  std::random_access_iterator<O>) &&
                  std::indirectly_copyable<I, O> &&
                  std::uniform_random_bit_generator<std::remove_reference_t<Gen>>
        O operator()(I first, S last, O out, std::iter_difference_t<I> n, Gen&& gen) const
        {
            using diff_t = std::iter_difference_t<I>;
            using distrib_t = std::uniform_int_distribution<diff_t>;
            using param_t = typename distrib_t::param_type;
            distrib_t D {};

            if constexpr (std::forward_iterator<I>)
            {
                // this branch preserves "stability" of the sample elements
                auto rest {ranges::distance(first, last)};
                for (n = ranges::min(n, rest); n != 0; ++first)
                {
                    if (D(gen, param_t(0, --rest)) < n)
                    {
                        *out++ = *first;
                        --n;
                    }
                }
                return out;
            }
            else
            {
                // O is a random_access_iterator
                diff_t sample_size {};
                // copy [first, first + M) elements to "random access" output
                for (; first != last && sample_size != n; ++first)
                    out[sample_size++] = *first;
                // overwrite some of the copied elements with randomly selected ones
                for (auto pop_size {sample_size}; first != last; ++first, ++pop_size)
                {
                    const auto i {D(gen, param_t{0, pop_size})};
                    if (i < n)
                        out[i] = *first;
                }
                return out + sample_size;
            }
        }

        template<ranges::input_range R, std::weakly_incrementable O, class Gen>
        requires (ranges::forward_range<R> or std::random_access_iterator<O>) &&
                  std::indirectly_copyable<ranges::iterator_t<R>, O> &&
                  std::uniform_random_bit_generator<std::remove_reference_t<Gen>>
        O operator()(R&& r, O out, ranges::range_difference_t<R> n, Gen&& gen) const
        {
            return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), std::move(out), n,
                           std::forward<Gen>(gen));
        }
    };

    inline constexpr sample_fn sample {};

### Example

Run this code

    #include <algorithm>
    #include <iomanip>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <iterator>
    #include <random>
    #include <vector>

    void print(auto const& rem, auto const& v)
    {
        std::cout << rem << " = [" << std::size(v) << "] { ";
        for (auto const& e : v)
            std::cout << e << ' ';
        std::cout << "}\n";
    }

    int main()
    {
        const auto in = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6};
        print("in", in);

        std::vector<int> out;
        const int max = in.size() + 2;
        auto gen = std::mt19937 {std::random_device {}()};

        for (int n {}; n != max; ++n)
        {
            out.clear();
            std::ranges::sample(in, std::back_inserter(out), n, gen);
            std::cout << "n = " << n;
            print(", out", out);
        }
    }

Possible output:

    in = [6] { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }
    n = 0, out = [0] { }
    n = 1, out = [1] { 5 }
    n = 2, out = [2] { 4 5 }
    n = 3, out = [3] { 2 3 5 }
    n = 4, out = [4] { 2 4 5 6 }
    n = 5, out = [5] { 1 2 3 5 6 }
    n = 6, out = [6] { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }
    n = 7, out = [6] { 1 2 3 4 5 6 }

### See also

ranges::shuffle (C++20) | randomly re-orders elements in a range (niebloid)
sample (C++17) | selects n random elements from a sequence (function template)

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