# std::literals::string_literals::operator""s

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< cpp‎ | string‎ | basic string

Defined in header `<string>` |  |
| (1) |
std::string operator""s( const char *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++14) (until C++20)
constexpr std::string operator""s( const char *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++20)
constexpr std::u8string operator""s( const char8_t *str, std::size_t len ); | (2) | (since C++20)
| (3) |
std::u16string operator""s( const char16_t *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++14) (until C++20)
constexpr std::u16string operator""s( const char16_t *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++20)
| (4) |
std::u32string operator""s( const char32_t *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++14) (until C++20)
constexpr std::u32string operator""s( const char32_t *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++20)
| (5) |
std::wstring operator""s( const wchar_t *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++14) (until C++20)
constexpr std::wstring operator""s( const wchar_t *str, std::size_t len ); |  | (since C++20)

Forms a string literal of the desired type.

1) Returns std::string{str, len}.
2) Returns std::u8string{str, len}.
3) Returns std::u16string{str, len}.
4) Returns std::u32string{str, len}.
5) Returns std::wstring{str, len}.

### Parameters

str | - | pointer to the beginning of the raw character array literal
len | - | length of the raw character array literal

### Return value

The string literal.

### Notes

These operators are declared in the namespace std::literals::string_literals, where both `literals` and `string_literals` are inline namespaces. Access to these operators can be gained with either

- using namespace std::literals, or
- using namespace std::string_literals, or
- using namespace std::literals::string_literals.

std::chrono::duration also defines operator""s, to represent literal seconds, but it is an arithmetic literal: 10.0s and 10s are ten seconds, but "10"s is a string.

Feature-test macro | Value | Std | Comment
--- | --- | --- | ---
`__cpp_lib_string_udls` | 201304L | (C++14) | User-defined literals for string types

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>

    void print_with_zeros(auto const note, std::string const& s)
    {
        std::cout << note;
        for (const char c : s)
            c ? std::cout << c : std::cout << "₀";
        std::cout << " (size = " << s.size() << ")\n";
    }

    int main()
    {
        using namespace std::string_literals;

        std::string s1 = "abc\0\0def";
        std::string s2 = "abc\0\0def"s;
        print_with_zeros("s1: ", s1);
        print_with_zeros("s2: ", s2);

        std::cout << "abcdef"s.substr(1,4) << '\n';
    }

Output:

    s1: abc (size = 3)
    s2: abc₀₀def (size = 8)
    bcde

### See also

(constructor) | constructs a `basic_string` (public member function)
operator""sv (C++17) | creates a string view of a character array literal (function)

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