# std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Allocator>::end, std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Allocator>::cend

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< cpp‎ | string‎ | basic string

| (1) |
iterator end(); |  | (until C++11)
iterator end() noexcept; |  | (since C++11) (until C++20)
constexpr iterator end() noexcept; |  | (since C++20)
| (2) |
const_iterator end() const; |  | (until C++11)
const_iterator end() const noexcept; |  | (since C++11) (until C++20)
constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept; |  | (since C++20)
| (3) |
const_iterator cend() const; |  | (until C++11)
const_iterator cend() const noexcept; |  | (since C++11) (until C++20)
constexpr const_iterator cend() const noexcept; |  | (since C++20)

Returns an iterator to the character following the last character of the string. This character acts as a placeholder, attempting to access it results in undefined behavior.

### Parameters

(none)

### Return value

Iterator to the character following the last character.

### Complexity

Constant.

### Notes

In libstdc++, `cend()` is not available in C++98 mode.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <algorithm>
    #include <iostream>
    #include <iterator>
    #include <string>

    int main()
    {
        std::string s("Exemparl");
        std::next_permutation(s.begin(), s.end());

        std::string c;
        std::copy(s.cbegin(), s.cend(), std::back_inserter(c));
        std::cout << c << '\n'; // "Exemplar"
    }

Output:

    Exemplar

### Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior
--- | --- | --- | ---
LWG 1192 | C++98 | std::basic_string did not have the member function `cend()` | added

### See also

begin cbegin (DR*) | returns an iterator to the beginning (public member function)
end cend (C++17) | returns an iterator to the end (public member function of `std::basic_string_view<CharT,Traits>`)

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