# std::list<T,Allocator>::back

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | container‎ | list

reference back(); | (1) |
const_reference back() const; | (2) |

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling `back` on an empty container causes undefined behavior.

### Parameters

(none)

### Return value

Reference to the last element.

### Complexity

Constant.

### Notes

For a non-empty container `c`, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end())

### Example

The following code uses `back` to display the last element of a std::list<char>:

Run this code

    #include <list>
    #include <iostream>

    int main()
    {
        std::list<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};

        if (!letters.empty())
            std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
    }

Output:

    The last character is 'f'.

### See also

front | access the first element (public member function)

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