# std::wstring_convert<Codecvt,Elem,Wide_alloc,Byte_alloc>::to_bytes

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< cpp‎ | locale‎ | wstring convert

Defined in header `<locale>` |  |
byte_string to_bytes( Elem wchar ); | (1) |
byte_string to_bytes( const Elem* wptr ); | (2) |
byte_string to_bytes( const wide_string& wstr ); | (3) |
byte_string to_bytes( const Elem* first, const Elem* last); | (4) |

Performs wide to multibyte conversion, using the `codecvt` facet supplied at construction.

1) Converts `wchar` as if it was a string of length 1, to `byte_string`.
2) Converts the null-terminated wide character sequence beginning at the wide character pointed to by `wptr`, to `byte_string`.
3) Converts the wide string `str` to `byte_string`.
4) Converts the wide character sequence `[first, last)` to `byte_string`.

In all cases, the conversion begins in initial shift state, unless non-initial starting state was provided to this `wstring_convert` constructor. The number of characters converted and the final value of the conversion state are remembered and can be accessed with state() and converted()

### Return value

A `byte_string` object containing the results of the wide to multibyte conversion. If the conversion failed and there was a user-supplied byte-error string provided to the constructor of this `wstring_convert`, returns that byte-error string.

### Exceptions

If this `wstring_convert` object was constructed without a user-supplied byte-error string, throws std::range_error on conversion failure.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    #include <locale>
    #include <codecvt>
    #include <iomanip>

    // utility function for output
    void hex_print(const std::string& s)
    {
        std::cout << std::hex << std::setfill('0');
        for(unsigned char c : s)
            std::cout << std::setw(2) << static_cast<int>(c) << ' ';
        std::cout << std::dec << '\n';
    }

    int main()
    {
        // wide character data
        std::wstring wstr =  L"z\u00df\u6c34\U0001f34c"; // or L"zß水🍌"

        // wide to UTF-8
        std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> conv1;
        std::string u8str = conv1.to_bytes(wstr);
        std::cout << "UTF-8 conversion produced " << u8str.size() << " bytes:\n";
        hex_print(u8str);

        // wide to UTF-16le
        std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, 0x10ffff, std::little_endian>> conv2;
        std::string u16str = conv2.to_bytes(wstr);
        std::cout << "UTF-16le conversion produced " << u16str.size() << " bytes:\n";
        hex_print(u16str);
    }

Output:

    UTF-8 conversion produced 10 bytes:
    7a c3 9f e6 b0 b4 f0 9f 8d 8c
    UTF-16le conversion produced 10 bytes:
    7a 00 df 00 34 6c 3c d8 4c df

### See also

from_bytes | converts a byte string into a wide string (public member function)
wcsrtombs | converts a wide string to narrow multibyte character string, given state (function)
do_out [virtual] | converts a string from `InternT` to `ExternT`, such as when writing to file (virtual protected member function of `std::codecvt<InternT,ExternT,StateT>`)

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