# Atomic types

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### Syntax

`_Atomic` `(` type-name `)` | (1) | (since C11)
`_Atomic` type-name | (2) | (since C11)

1) Use as a type specifier; this designates a new atomic type
2) Use as a type qualifier; this designates the atomic version of type-name. In this role, it may be mixed with const, volatile, and restrict), although unlike other qualifiers, the atomic version of type-name may have a different size, alignment, and object representation.

type-name | - | any type other than array or function. For (1), type-name also cannot be atomic or cvr-qualified

The header `<stdatomic.h>` defines 37 convenience type aliases, from `atomic_bool` to `atomic_uintmax_t`, which simplify the use of this keyword with built-in and library types.

    _Atomic const int * p1;  // p is a pointer to an atomic const int
    const atomic_int * p2;   // same
    const _Atomic(int) * p3; // same

If the macro constant `__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__` is defined by the compiler, the keyword _Atomic is not provided.

### Explanation

Objects of atomic types are the only objects that are free from data races; that is, they may be modified by two threads concurrently or modified by one and read by another.

Each atomic object has its own associated modification order, which is a total order of modifications made to that object. If, from some thread's point of view, modification `A` of some atomic M happens-before modification `B` of the same atomic M, then in the modification order of M, A occurs before B.

Note that although each atomic object has its own modification order, there is no single total order; different threads may observe modifications to different atomic objects in different orders.

There are four coherences that are guaranteed for all atomic operations:

- write-write coherence: If an operation A that modifies an atomic object M happens-before an operation B that modifies M, then A appears earlier than B in the modification order of M.
- read-read coherence: If a value computation A of an atomic object M happens before a value computation B of M, and A takes its value from a side effect X on M, then the value computed by B is either the value stored by X or is the value stored by a side effect Y on M, where Y appears later than X in the modification order of M.
- read-write coherence: If a value computation A of an atomic object M happens-before an operation B on M, then A takes its value from a side effect X on M, where X appears before B in the modification order of M.
- write-read coherence: If a side effect X on an atomic object M happens-before a value computation B of M, then the evaluation B takes its value from X or from a side effect Y that appears after X in the modification order of M.

Some atomic operations are also synchronization operations; they may have additional release semantics, acquire semantics, or sequentially-consistent semantics. See memory_order.

Built-in increment and decrement operators and compound assignment are read-modify-write atomic operations with total sequentially consistent ordering (as if using memory_order_seq_cst). If less strict synchronization semantics are desired, the standard library functions may be used instead.

Atomic properties are only meaningful for lvalue expressions. Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion (which models a memory read from an atomic location to a CPU register) strips atomicity along with other qualifiers.

| This section is incomplete Reason: more, review interaction with memory_order and atomic library pages

### Notes

Accessing a member of an atomic struct/union is undefined behavior.

The library type sig_atomic_t does not provide inter-thread synchronization or memory ordering, only atomicity.

The volatile types do not provide inter-thread synchronization, memory ordering, or atomicity.

Implementations are recommended to ensure that the representation of _Atomic(T) in C is same as that of std::atomic<T> in C++ for every possible type `T`. The mechanisms used to ensure atomicity and memory ordering should be compatible.

### Keywords

`_Atomic`

### Example

Run this code

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <threads.h>
    #include <stdatomic.h>

    atomic_int acnt;
    int cnt;

    int f(void* thr_data)
    {
        for(int n = 0; n < 1000; ++n) {
            ++cnt;
            ++acnt;
            // for this example, relaxed memory order is sufficient, e.g.
            // atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&acnt, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    int main(void)
    {
        thrd_t thr[10];
        for(int n = 0; n < 10; ++n)
            thrd_create(&thr[n], f, NULL);
        for(int n = 0; n < 10; ++n)
            thrd_join(thr[n], NULL);

        printf("The atomic counter is %u\n", acnt);
        printf("The non-atomic counter is %u\n", cnt);
    }

Possible output:

    The atomic counter is 10000
    The non-atomic counter is 8644

### References

- C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):

  - 6.7.2.4 Atomic type specifiers (p: 87)

  - 7.17 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: 200-209)

- C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

  - 6.7.2.4 Atomic type specifiers (p: 121)

  - 7.17 Atomics <stdatomic.h> (p: 273-286)

### See also

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