# std::mbtowc

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< cpp‎ | string‎ | multibyte

Defined in header `<cstdlib>` |  |
int mbtowc( wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, std::size_t n ); |  |

Converts a multibyte character whose first byte is pointed to by s to a wide character, written to *pwc if pwc is not null.

If s is a null pointer, resets the global conversion state and determines whether shift sequences are used.

### Parameters

s | - | pointer to the multibyte character
n | - | limit on the number of bytes in s that can be examined
pwc | - | pointer to the wide character for output

### Return value

If s is not a null pointer, returns the number of bytes that are contained in the multibyte character or -1 if the first bytes pointed to by s do not form a valid multibyte character or ​0​ if s is pointing at the null character '\0'.

If s is a null pointer, resets its internal conversion state to represent the initial shift state and returns ​0​ if the current multibyte encoding is not state-dependent (does not use shift sequences) or a non-zero value if the current multibyte encoding is state-dependent (uses shift sequences).

### Notes

Each call to `mbtowc` updates the internal global conversion state (a static object of type std::mbstate_t, only known to this function). If the multibyte encoding uses shift states, care must be taken to avoid backtracking or multiple scans. In any case, multiple threads should not call `mbtowc` without synchronization: std::mbrtowc may be used instead.

### Example

Run this code

    #include <clocale>
    #include <cstdlib>
    #include <cstring>
    #include <iostream>

    int print_mb(const char* ptr)
    {
        std::mbtowc(nullptr, 0, 0); // reset the conversion state
        const char* end = ptr + std::strlen(ptr);
        int ret{};
        for (wchar_t wc; (ret = std::mbtowc(&wc, ptr, end - ptr)) > 0; ptr += ret)
            std::wcout << wc;
        std::wcout << '\n';
        return ret;
    }

    int main()
    {
        std::setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");
        // UTF-8 narrow multibyte encoding
        const char* str = "z\u00df\u6c34\U0001d10b"; // or u8"zß水𝄋"
                          // or "\x7a\xc3\x9f\xe6\xb0\xb4\xf0\x9d\x84\x8b";
        print_mb(str);
    }

Output:

    zß水𝄋

### See also

mbrtowc | converts the next multibyte character to wide character, given state (function)
mblen | returns the number of bytes in the next multibyte character (function)
do_in [virtual] | converts a string from `ExternT` to `InternT`, such as when reading from file (virtual protected member function of `std::codecvt<InternT,ExternT,StateT>`)

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